001/*
002 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
003 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
004 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
005 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
006 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
007 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
008 *
009 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
010 *
011 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
012 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
013 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
014 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
015 * limitations under the License.
016 */
017package org.openstreetmap.josm.data.validation.routines;
018
019import java.net.IDN;
020import java.util.Arrays;
021import java.util.Locale;
022
023import org.openstreetmap.josm.Main;
024
025/**
026 * <p><b>Domain name</b> validation routines.</p>
027 *
028 * <p>
029 * This validator provides methods for validating Internet domain names
030 * and top-level domains.
031 * </p>
032 *
033 * <p>Domain names are evaluated according
034 * to the standards <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1034.txt">RFC1034</a>,
035 * section 3, and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1123.txt">RFC1123</a>,
036 * section 2.1. No accommodation is provided for the specialized needs of
037 * other applications; if the domain name has been URL-encoded, for example,
038 * validation will fail even though the equivalent plaintext version of the
039 * same name would have passed.
040 * </p>
041 *
042 * <p>
043 * Validation is also provided for top-level domains (TLDs) as defined and
044 * maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA):
045 * </p>
046 *
047 *   <ul>
048 *     <li>{@link #isValidInfrastructureTld} - validates infrastructure TLDs
049 *         (<code>.arpa</code>, etc.)</li>
050 *     <li>{@link #isValidGenericTld} - validates generic TLDs
051 *         (<code>.com, .org</code>, etc.)</li>
052 *     <li>{@link #isValidCountryCodeTld} - validates country code TLDs
053 *         (<code>.us, .uk, .cn</code>, etc.)</li>
054 *   </ul>
055 *
056 * <p>
057 * (<b>NOTE</b>: This class does not provide IP address lookup for domain names or
058 * methods to ensure that a given domain name matches a specific IP; see
059 * {@link java.net.InetAddress} for that functionality.)
060 * </p>
061 *
062 * @version $Revision: 1740822 $
063 * @since Validator 1.4
064 */
065public final class DomainValidator extends AbstractValidator {
066
067    private static final int MAX_DOMAIN_LENGTH = 253;
068
069    private static final String[] EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = new String[0];
070
071    // Regular expression strings for hostnames (derived from RFC2396 and RFC 1123)
072
073    // RFC2396: domainlabel   = alphanum | alphanum *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
074    // Max 63 characters
075    private static final String DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX = "\\p{Alnum}(?>[\\p{Alnum}-]{0,61}\\p{Alnum})?";
076
077    // RFC2396 toplabel = alpha | alpha *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
078    // Max 63 characters
079    private static final String TOP_LABEL_REGEX = "\\p{Alpha}(?>[\\p{Alnum}-]{0,61}\\p{Alnum})?";
080
081    // RFC2396 hostname = *( domainlabel "." ) toplabel [ "." ]
082    // Note that the regex currently requires both a domain label and a top level label, whereas
083    // the RFC does not. This is because the regex is used to detect if a TLD is present.
084    // If the match fails, input is checked against DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX (hostnameRegex)
085    // RFC1123 sec 2.1 allows hostnames to start with a digit
086    private static final String DOMAIN_NAME_REGEX =
087            "^(?:" + DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX + "\\.)+" + "(" + TOP_LABEL_REGEX + ")\\.?$";
088
089    private final boolean allowLocal;
090
091    /**
092     * Singleton instance of this validator, which
093     *  doesn't consider local addresses as valid.
094     */
095    private static final DomainValidator DOMAIN_VALIDATOR = new DomainValidator(false);
096
097    /**
098     * Singleton instance of this validator, which does
099     *  consider local addresses valid.
100     */
101    private static final DomainValidator DOMAIN_VALIDATOR_WITH_LOCAL = new DomainValidator(true);
102
103    /**
104     * RegexValidator for matching domains.
105     */
106    private final RegexValidator domainRegex =
107            new RegexValidator(DOMAIN_NAME_REGEX);
108    /**
109     * RegexValidator for matching a local hostname
110     */
111    // RFC1123 sec 2.1 allows hostnames to start with a digit
112    private final RegexValidator hostnameRegex =
113            new RegexValidator(DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX);
114
115    /**
116     * Returns the singleton instance of this validator. It
117     *  will not consider local addresses as valid.
118     * @return the singleton instance of this validator
119     */
120    public static synchronized DomainValidator getInstance() {
121        inUse = true;
122        return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR;
123    }
124
125    /**
126     * Returns the singleton instance of this validator,
127     *  with local validation as required.
128     * @param allowLocal Should local addresses be considered valid?
129     * @return the singleton instance of this validator
130     */
131    public static synchronized DomainValidator getInstance(boolean allowLocal) {
132        inUse = true;
133        if (allowLocal) {
134            return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR_WITH_LOCAL;
135        }
136        return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR;
137    }
138
139    /**
140     * Private constructor.
141     * @param allowLocal whether to allow local domains
142     */
143    private DomainValidator(boolean allowLocal) {
144        this.allowLocal = allowLocal;
145    }
146
147    /**
148     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> parses
149     * as a valid domain name with a recognized top-level domain.
150     * The parsing is case-insensitive.
151     * @param domain the parameter to check for domain name syntax
152     * @return true if the parameter is a valid domain name
153     */
154    @Override
155    public boolean isValid(String domain) {
156        if (domain == null) {
157            return false;
158        }
159        domain = unicodeToASCII(domain);
160        // hosts must be equally reachable via punycode and Unicode
161        // Unicode is never shorter than punycode, so check punycode
162        // if domain did not convert, then it will be caught by ASCII
163        // checks in the regexes below
164        if (domain.length() > MAX_DOMAIN_LENGTH) {
165            return false;
166        }
167        String[] groups = domainRegex.match(domain);
168        if (groups != null && groups.length > 0) {
169            return isValidTld(groups[0]);
170        }
171        return allowLocal && hostnameRegex.isValid(domain);
172    }
173
174    @Override
175    public String getValidatorName() {
176        return null;
177    }
178
179    // package protected for unit test access
180    // must agree with isValid() above
181    boolean isValidDomainSyntax(String domain) {
182        if (domain == null) {
183            return false;
184        }
185        domain = unicodeToASCII(domain);
186        // hosts must be equally reachable via punycode and Unicode
187        // Unicode is never shorter than punycode, so check punycode
188        // if domain did not convert, then it will be caught by ASCII
189        // checks in the regexes below
190        if (domain.length() > MAX_DOMAIN_LENGTH) {
191            return false;
192        }
193        String[] groups = domainRegex.match(domain);
194        return (groups != null && groups.length > 0)
195                || hostnameRegex.isValid(domain);
196    }
197
198    /**
199     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
200     * IANA-defined top-level domain. Leading dots are ignored if present.
201     * The search is case-insensitive.
202     * @param tld the parameter to check for TLD status, not null
203     * @return true if the parameter is a TLD
204     */
205    public boolean isValidTld(String tld) {
206        tld = unicodeToASCII(tld);
207        if (allowLocal && isValidLocalTld(tld)) {
208            return true;
209        }
210        return isValidInfrastructureTld(tld)
211                || isValidGenericTld(tld)
212                || isValidCountryCodeTld(tld);
213    }
214
215    /**
216     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
217     * IANA-defined infrastructure top-level domain. Leading dots are
218     * ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
219     * @param iTld the parameter to check for infrastructure TLD status, not null
220     * @return true if the parameter is an infrastructure TLD
221     */
222    public boolean isValidInfrastructureTld(String iTld) {
223        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(iTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
224        return arrayContains(INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS, key);
225    }
226
227    /**
228     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
229     * IANA-defined generic top-level domain. Leading dots are ignored
230     * if present. The search is case-insensitive.
231     * @param gTld the parameter to check for generic TLD status, not null
232     * @return true if the parameter is a generic TLD
233     */
234    public boolean isValidGenericTld(String gTld) {
235        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(gTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
236        return (arrayContains(GENERIC_TLDS, key) || arrayContains(genericTLDsPlus, key))
237                && !arrayContains(genericTLDsMinus, key);
238    }
239
240    /**
241     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
242     * IANA-defined country code top-level domain. Leading dots are
243     * ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
244     * @param ccTld the parameter to check for country code TLD status, not null
245     * @return true if the parameter is a country code TLD
246     */
247    public boolean isValidCountryCodeTld(String ccTld) {
248        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(ccTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
249        return (arrayContains(COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS, key) || arrayContains(countryCodeTLDsPlus, key))
250                && !arrayContains(countryCodeTLDsMinus, key);
251    }
252
253    /**
254     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
255     * widely used "local" domains (localhost or localdomain). Leading dots are
256     * ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
257     * @param lTld the parameter to check for local TLD status, not null
258     * @return true if the parameter is an local TLD
259     */
260    public boolean isValidLocalTld(String lTld) {
261        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(lTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
262        return arrayContains(LOCAL_TLDS, key);
263    }
264
265    private static String chompLeadingDot(String str) {
266        if (str.startsWith(".")) {
267            return str.substring(1);
268        }
269        return str;
270    }
271
272    // ---------------------------------------------
273    // ----- TLDs defined by IANA
274    // ----- Authoritative and comprehensive list at:
275    // ----- http://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt
276
277    // Note that the above list is in UPPER case.
278    // The code currently converts strings to lower case (as per the tables below)
279
280    // IANA also provide an HTML list at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
281    // Note that this contains several country code entries which are NOT in
282    // the text file. These all have the "Not assigned" in the "Sponsoring Organisation" column
283    // For example (as of 2015-01-02):
284    // .bl  country-code    Not assigned
285    // .um  country-code    Not assigned
286
287    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
288    private static final String[] INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS = new String[] {
289        "arpa",               // internet infrastructure
290    };
291
292    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
293    private static final String[] GENERIC_TLDS = new String[] {
294        // Taken from Version 2016071000, Last Updated Sun Jul 10 07:07:02 2016 UTC
295        "aaa", // aaa American Automobile Association, Inc.
296        "aarp", // aarp AARP
297        "abb", // abb ABB Ltd
298        "abbott", // abbott Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
299        "abbvie", // abbvie AbbVie Inc.
300        "able", // able Able Inc.
301        "abogado", // abogado Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
302        "abudhabi", // abudhabi Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre
303        "academy", // academy Half Oaks, LLC
304        "accenture", // accenture Accenture plc
305        "accountant", // accountant dot Accountant Limited
306        "accountants", // accountants Knob Town, LLC
307        "aco", // aco ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH &amp; Co. KG
308        "active", // active The Active Network, Inc
309        "actor", // actor United TLD Holdco Ltd.
310        "adac", // adac Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V. (ADAC)
311        "ads", // ads Charleston Road Registry Inc.
312        "adult", // adult ICM Registry AD LLC
313        "aeg", // aeg Aktiebolaget Electrolux
314        "aero", // aero Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautique (SITA INC USA)
315        "aetna", // aetna Aetna Life Insurance Company
316        "afl", // afl Australian Football League
317        "agakhan", // agakhan Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
318        "agency", // agency Steel Falls, LLC
319        "aig", // aig American International Group, Inc.
320        "airbus", // airbus Airbus S.A.S.
321        "airforce", // airforce United TLD Holdco Ltd.
322        "airtel", // airtel Bharti Airtel Limited
323        "akdn", // akdn Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
324        "alibaba", // alibaba Alibaba Group Holding Limited
325        "alipay", // alipay Alibaba Group Holding Limited
326        "allfinanz", // allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft
327        "ally", // ally Ally Financial Inc.
328        "alsace", // alsace REGION D ALSACE
329        "alstom", // alstom ALSTOM
330        "amica", // amica Amica Mutual Insurance Company
331        "amsterdam", // amsterdam Gemeente Amsterdam
332        "analytics", // analytics Campus IP LLC
333        "android", // android Charleston Road Registry Inc.
334        "anquan", // anquan QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
335        "anz", // anz Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited
336        "apartments", // apartments June Maple, LLC
337        "app", // app Charleston Road Registry Inc.
338        "apple", // apple Apple Inc.
339        "aquarelle", // aquarelle Aquarelle.com
340        "aramco", // aramco Aramco Services Company
341        "archi", // archi STARTING DOT LIMITED
342        "army", // army United TLD Holdco Ltd.
343        "art", // art UK Creative Ideas Limited
344        "arte", // arte Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.
345        "asia", // asia DotAsia Organisation Ltd.
346        "associates", // associates Baxter Hill, LLC
347        "attorney", // attorney United TLD Holdco, Ltd
348        "auction", // auction United TLD HoldCo, Ltd.
349        "audi", // audi AUDI Aktiengesellschaft
350        "audible", // audible Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
351        "audio", // audio Uniregistry, Corp.
352        "author", // author Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
353        "auto", // auto Uniregistry, Corp.
354        "autos", // autos DERAutos, LLC
355        "avianca", // avianca Aerovias del Continente Americano S.A. Avianca
356        "aws", // aws Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
357        "axa", // axa AXA SA
358        "azure", // azure Microsoft Corporation
359        "baby", // baby Johnson &amp; Johnson Services, Inc.
360        "baidu", // baidu Baidu, Inc.
361        "band", // band United TLD Holdco, Ltd
362        "bank", // bank fTLD Registry Services, LLC
363        "bar", // bar Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
364        "barcelona", // barcelona Municipi de Barcelona
365        "barclaycard", // barclaycard Barclays Bank PLC
366        "barclays", // barclays Barclays Bank PLC
367        "barefoot", // barefoot Gallo Vineyards, Inc.
368        "bargains", // bargains Half Hallow, LLC
369        "bauhaus", // bauhaus Werkhaus GmbH
370        "bayern", // bayern Bayern Connect GmbH
371        "bbc", // bbc British Broadcasting Corporation
372        "bbva", // bbva BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.
373        "bcg", // bcg The Boston Consulting Group, Inc.
374        "bcn", // bcn Municipi de Barcelona
375        "beats", // beats Beats Electronics, LLC
376        "beer", // beer Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
377        "bentley", // bentley Bentley Motors Limited
378        "berlin", // berlin dotBERLIN GmbH &amp; Co. KG
379        "best", // best BestTLD Pty Ltd
380        "bet", // bet Afilias plc
381        "bharti", // bharti Bharti Enterprises (Holding) Private Limited
382        "bible", // bible American Bible Society
383        "bid", // bid dot Bid Limited
384        "bike", // bike Grand Hollow, LLC
385        "bing", // bing Microsoft Corporation
386        "bingo", // bingo Sand Cedar, LLC
387        "bio", // bio STARTING DOT LIMITED
388        "biz", // biz Neustar, Inc.
389        "black", // black Afilias Limited
390        "blackfriday", // blackfriday Uniregistry, Corp.
391        "blanco", // blanco BLANCO GmbH + Co KG
392        "blog", // blog Knock Knock WHOIS There, LLC
393        "bloomberg", // bloomberg Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC
394        "blue", // blue Afilias Limited
395        "bms", // bms Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
396        "bmw", // bmw Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
397        "bnl", // bnl Banca Nazionale del Lavoro
398        "bnpparibas", // bnpparibas BNP Paribas
399        "boats", // boats DERBoats, LLC
400        "boehringer", // boehringer Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
401        "bom", // bom Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
402        "bond", // bond Bond University Limited
403        "boo", // boo Charleston Road Registry Inc.
404        "book", // book Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
405        "boots", // boots THE BOOTS COMPANY PLC
406        "bosch", // bosch Robert Bosch GMBH
407        "bostik", // bostik Bostik SA
408        "bot", // bot Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
409        "boutique", // boutique Over Galley, LLC
410        "bradesco", // bradesco Banco Bradesco S.A.
411        "bridgestone", // bridgestone Bridgestone Corporation
412        "broadway", // broadway Celebrate Broadway, Inc.
413        "broker", // broker DOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD
414        "brother", // brother Brother Industries, Ltd.
415        "brussels", // brussels DNS.be vzw
416        "budapest", // budapest Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
417        "bugatti", // bugatti Bugatti International SA
418        "build", // build Plan Bee LLC
419        "builders", // builders Atomic Madison, LLC
420        "business", // business Spring Cross, LLC
421        "buy", // buy Amazon Registry Services, INC
422        "buzz", // buzz DOTSTRATEGY CO.
423        "bzh", // bzh Association www.bzh
424        "cab", // cab Half Sunset, LLC
425        "cafe", // cafe Pioneer Canyon, LLC
426        "cal", // cal Charleston Road Registry Inc.
427        "call", // call Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
428        "cam", // cam AC Webconnecting Holding B.V.
429        "camera", // camera Atomic Maple, LLC
430        "camp", // camp Delta Dynamite, LLC
431        "cancerresearch", // cancerresearch Australian Cancer Research Foundation
432        "canon", // canon Canon Inc.
433        "capetown", // capetown ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
434        "capital", // capital Delta Mill, LLC
435        "car", // car Cars Registry Limited
436        "caravan", // caravan Caravan International, Inc.
437        "cards", // cards Foggy Hollow, LLC
438        "care", // care Goose Cross, LLC
439        "career", // career dotCareer LLC
440        "careers", // careers Wild Corner, LLC
441        "cars", // cars Uniregistry, Corp.
442        "cartier", // cartier Richemont DNS Inc.
443        "casa", // casa Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
444        "cash", // cash Delta Lake, LLC
445        "casino", // casino Binky Sky, LLC
446        "cat", // cat Fundacio puntCAT
447        "catering", // catering New Falls. LLC
448        "cba", // cba COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
449        "cbn", // cbn The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc.
450        "cbre", // cbre CBRE, Inc.
451        "ceb", // ceb The Corporate Executive Board Company
452        "center", // center Tin Mill, LLC
453        "ceo", // ceo CEOTLD Pty Ltd
454        "cern", // cern European Organization for Nuclear Research (&quot;CERN&quot;)
455        "cfa", // cfa CFA Institute
456        "cfd", // cfd DOTCFD REGISTRY LTD
457        "chanel", // chanel Chanel International B.V.
458        "channel", // channel Charleston Road Registry Inc.
459        "chase", // chase JPMorgan Chase &amp; Co.
460        "chat", // chat Sand Fields, LLC
461        "cheap", // cheap Sand Cover, LLC
462        "chintai", // chintai CHINTAI Corporation
463        "chloe", // chloe Richemont DNS Inc.
464        "christmas", // christmas Uniregistry, Corp.
465        "chrome", // chrome Charleston Road Registry Inc.
466        "church", // church Holly Fileds, LLC
467        "cipriani", // cipriani Hotel Cipriani Srl
468        "circle", // circle Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
469        "cisco", // cisco Cisco Technology, Inc.
470        "citic", // citic CITIC Group Corporation
471        "city", // city Snow Sky, LLC
472        "cityeats", // cityeats Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
473        "claims", // claims Black Corner, LLC
474        "cleaning", // cleaning Fox Shadow, LLC
475        "click", // click Uniregistry, Corp.
476        "clinic", // clinic Goose Park, LLC
477        "clinique", // clinique The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
478        "clothing", // clothing Steel Lake, LLC
479        "cloud", // cloud ARUBA S.p.A.
480        "club", // club .CLUB DOMAINS, LLC
481        "clubmed", // clubmed Club Méditerranée S.A.
482        "coach", // coach Koko Island, LLC
483        "codes", // codes Puff Willow, LLC
484        "coffee", // coffee Trixy Cover, LLC
485        "college", // college XYZ.COM LLC
486        "cologne", // cologne NetCologne Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH
487        "com", // com VeriSign Global Registry Services
488        "comcast", // comcast Comcast IP Holdings I, LLC
489        "commbank", // commbank COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
490        "community", // community Fox Orchard, LLC
491        "company", // company Silver Avenue, LLC
492        "compare", // compare iSelect Ltd
493        "computer", // computer Pine Mill, LLC
494        "comsec", // comsec VeriSign, Inc.
495        "condos", // condos Pine House, LLC
496        "construction", // construction Fox Dynamite, LLC
497        "consulting", // consulting United TLD Holdco, LTD.
498        "contact", // contact Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
499        "contractors", // contractors Magic Woods, LLC
500        "cooking", // cooking Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
501        "cookingchannel", // cookingchannel Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
502        "cool", // cool Koko Lake, LLC
503        "coop", // coop DotCooperation LLC
504        "corsica", // corsica Collectivité Territoriale de Corse
505        "country", // country Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
506        "coupon", // coupon Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
507        "coupons", // coupons Black Island, LLC
508        "courses", // courses OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
509        "credit", // credit Snow Shadow, LLC
510        "creditcard", // creditcard Binky Frostbite, LLC
511        "creditunion", // creditunion CUNA Performance Resources, LLC
512        "cricket", // cricket dot Cricket Limited
513        "crown", // crown Crown Equipment Corporation
514        "crs", // crs Federated Co-operatives Limited
515        "cruises", // cruises Spring Way, LLC
516        "csc", // csc Alliance-One Services, Inc.
517        "cuisinella", // cuisinella SALM S.A.S.
518        "cymru", // cymru Nominet UK
519        "cyou", // cyou Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd.
520        "dabur", // dabur Dabur India Limited
521        "dad", // dad Charleston Road Registry Inc.
522        "dance", // dance United TLD Holdco Ltd.
523        "date", // date dot Date Limited
524        "dating", // dating Pine Fest, LLC
525        "datsun", // datsun NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
526        "day", // day Charleston Road Registry Inc.
527        "dclk", // dclk Charleston Road Registry Inc.
528        "dds", // dds Minds + Machines Group Limited
529        "deal", // deal Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
530        "dealer", // dealer Dealer Dot Com, Inc.
531        "deals", // deals Sand Sunset, LLC
532        "degree", // degree United TLD Holdco, Ltd
533        "delivery", // delivery Steel Station, LLC
534        "dell", // dell Dell Inc.
535        "deloitte", // deloitte Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
536        "delta", // delta Delta Air Lines, Inc.
537        "democrat", // democrat United TLD Holdco Ltd.
538        "dental", // dental Tin Birch, LLC
539        "dentist", // dentist United TLD Holdco, Ltd
540        "desi", // desi Desi Networks LLC
541        "design", // design Top Level Design, LLC
542        "dev", // dev Charleston Road Registry Inc.
543        "dhl", // dhl Deutsche Post AG
544        "diamonds", // diamonds John Edge, LLC
545        "diet", // diet Uniregistry, Corp.
546        "digital", // digital Dash Park, LLC
547        "direct", // direct Half Trail, LLC
548        "directory", // directory Extra Madison, LLC
549        "discount", // discount Holly Hill, LLC
550        "dnp", // dnp Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
551        "docs", // docs Charleston Road Registry Inc.
552        "dog", // dog Koko Mill, LLC
553        "doha", // doha Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA)
554        "domains", // domains Sugar Cross, LLC
555        "dot", // dot Dish DBS Corporation
556        "download", // download dot Support Limited
557        "drive", // drive Charleston Road Registry Inc.
558        "dtv", // dtv Dish DBS Corporation
559        "dubai", // dubai Dubai Smart Government Department
560        "dunlop", // dunlop The Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company
561        "dupont", // dupont E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
562        "durban", // durban ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
563        "dvag", // dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
564        "earth", // earth Interlink Co., Ltd.
565        "eat", // eat Charleston Road Registry Inc.
566        "edeka", // edeka EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V.
567        "edu", // edu EDUCAUSE
568        "education", // education Brice Way, LLC
569        "email", // email Spring Madison, LLC
570        "emerck", // emerck Merck KGaA
571        "energy", // energy Binky Birch, LLC
572        "engineer", // engineer United TLD Holdco Ltd.
573        "engineering", // engineering Romeo Canyon
574        "enterprises", // enterprises Snow Oaks, LLC
575        "epost", // epost Deutsche Post AG
576        "epson", // epson Seiko Epson Corporation
577        "equipment", // equipment Corn Station, LLC
578        "ericsson", // ericsson Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
579        "erni", // erni ERNI Group Holding AG
580        "esq", // esq Charleston Road Registry Inc.
581        "estate", // estate Trixy Park, LLC
582        "eurovision", // eurovision European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
583        "eus", // eus Puntueus Fundazioa
584        "events", // events Pioneer Maple, LLC
585        "everbank", // everbank EverBank
586        "exchange", // exchange Spring Falls, LLC
587        "expert", // expert Magic Pass, LLC
588        "exposed", // exposed Victor Beach, LLC
589        "express", // express Sea Sunset, LLC
590        "extraspace", // extraspace Extra Space Storage LLC
591        "fage", // fage Fage International S.A.
592        "fail", // fail Atomic Pipe, LLC
593        "fairwinds", // fairwinds FairWinds Partners, LLC
594        "faith", // faith dot Faith Limited
595        "family", // family United TLD Holdco Ltd.
596        "fan", // fan Asiamix Digital Ltd
597        "fans", // fans Asiamix Digital Limited
598        "farm", // farm Just Maple, LLC
599        "farmers", // farmers Farmers Insurance Exchange
600        "fashion", // fashion Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
601        "fast", // fast Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
602        "fedex", // fedex Federal Express Corporation
603        "feedback", // feedback Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
604        "ferrero", // ferrero Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
605        "film", // film Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd
606        "final", // final Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
607        "finance", // finance Cotton Cypress, LLC
608        "financial", // financial Just Cover, LLC
609        "fire", // fire Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
610        "firestone", // firestone Bridgestone Corporation
611        "firmdale", // firmdale Firmdale Holdings Limited
612        "fish", // fish Fox Woods, LLC
613        "fishing", // fishing Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
614        "fit", // fit Minds + Machines Group Limited
615        "fitness", // fitness Brice Orchard, LLC
616        "flickr", // flickr Yahoo! Domain Services Inc.
617        "flights", // flights Fox Station, LLC
618        "flir", // flir FLIR Systems, Inc.
619        "florist", // florist Half Cypress, LLC
620        "flowers", // flowers Uniregistry, Corp.
621        "flsmidth", // flsmidth FLSmidth A/S
622        "fly", // fly Charleston Road Registry Inc.
623        "foo", // foo Charleston Road Registry Inc.
624        "foodnetwork", // foodnetwork Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
625        "football", // football Foggy Farms, LLC
626        "ford", // ford Ford Motor Company
627        "forex", // forex DOTFOREX REGISTRY LTD
628        "forsale", // forsale United TLD Holdco, LLC
629        "forum", // forum Fegistry, LLC
630        "foundation", // foundation John Dale, LLC
631        "fox", // fox FOX Registry, LLC
632        "fresenius", // fresenius Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH
633        "frl", // frl FRLregistry B.V.
634        "frogans", // frogans OP3FT
635        "frontdoor", // frontdoor Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
636        "frontier", // frontier Frontier Communications Corporation
637        "ftr", // ftr Frontier Communications Corporation
638        "fujitsu", // fujitsu Fujitsu Limited
639        "fund", // fund John Castle, LLC
640        "furniture", // furniture Lone Fields, LLC
641        "futbol", // futbol United TLD Holdco, Ltd.
642        "fyi", // fyi Silver Tigers, LLC
643        "gal", // gal Asociación puntoGAL
644        "gallery", // gallery Sugar House, LLC
645        "gallo", // gallo Gallo Vineyards, Inc.
646        "gallup", // gallup Gallup, Inc.
647        "game", // game Uniregistry, Corp.
648        "games", // games United TLD Holdco Ltd.
649        "garden", // garden Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
650        "gbiz", // gbiz Charleston Road Registry Inc.
651        "gdn", // gdn Joint Stock Company "Navigation-information systems"
652        "gea", // gea GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft
653        "gent", // gent COMBELL GROUP NV/SA
654        "genting", // genting Resorts World Inc. Pte. Ltd.
655        "ggee", // ggee GMO Internet, Inc.
656        "gift", // gift Uniregistry, Corp.
657        "gifts", // gifts Goose Sky, LLC
658        "gives", // gives United TLD Holdco Ltd.
659        "giving", // giving Giving Limited
660        "glass", // glass Black Cover, LLC
661        "gle", // gle Charleston Road Registry Inc.
662        "global", // global Dot Global Domain Registry Limited
663        "globo", // globo Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A
664        "gmail", // gmail Charleston Road Registry Inc.
665        "gmbh", // gmbh Extra Dynamite, LLC
666        "gmo", // gmo GMO Internet, Inc.
667        "gmx", // gmx 1&amp;1 Mail &amp; Media GmbH
668        "godaddy", // godaddy Go Daddy East, LLC
669        "gold", // gold June Edge, LLC
670        "goldpoint", // goldpoint YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
671        "golf", // golf Lone Falls, LLC
672        "goo", // goo NTT Resonant Inc.
673        "goodyear", // goodyear The Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company
674        "goog", // goog Charleston Road Registry Inc.
675        "google", // google Charleston Road Registry Inc.
676        "gop", // gop Republican State Leadership Committee, Inc.
677        "got", // got Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
678        "gov", // gov General Services Administration Attn: QTDC, 2E08 (.gov Domain Registration)
679        "grainger", // grainger Grainger Registry Services, LLC
680        "graphics", // graphics Over Madison, LLC
681        "gratis", // gratis Pioneer Tigers, LLC
682        "green", // green Afilias Limited
683        "gripe", // gripe Corn Sunset, LLC
684        "group", // group Romeo Town, LLC
685        "guardian", // guardian The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
686        "gucci", // gucci Guccio Gucci S.p.a.
687        "guge", // guge Charleston Road Registry Inc.
688        "guide", // guide Snow Moon, LLC
689        "guitars", // guitars Uniregistry, Corp.
690        "guru", // guru Pioneer Cypress, LLC
691        "hamburg", // hamburg Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH
692        "hangout", // hangout Charleston Road Registry Inc.
693        "haus", // haus United TLD Holdco, LTD.
694        "hdfcbank", // hdfcbank HDFC Bank Limited
695        "health", // health DotHealth, LLC
696        "healthcare", // healthcare Silver Glen, LLC
697        "help", // help Uniregistry, Corp.
698        "helsinki", // helsinki City of Helsinki
699        "here", // here Charleston Road Registry Inc.
700        "hermes", // hermes Hermes International
701        "hgtv", // hgtv Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
702        "hiphop", // hiphop Uniregistry, Corp.
703        "hisamitsu", // hisamitsu Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co.,Inc.
704        "hitachi", // hitachi Hitachi, Ltd.
705        "hiv", // hiv dotHIV gemeinnuetziger e.V.
706        "hkt", // hkt PCCW-HKT DataCom Services Limited
707        "hockey", // hockey Half Willow, LLC
708        "holdings", // holdings John Madison, LLC
709        "holiday", // holiday Goose Woods, LLC
710        "homedepot", // homedepot Homer TLC, Inc.
711        "homes", // homes DERHomes, LLC
712        "honda", // honda Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
713        "horse", // horse Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
714        "host", // host DotHost Inc.
715        "hosting", // hosting Uniregistry, Corp.
716        "hoteles", // hoteles Travel Reservations SRL
717        "hotmail", // hotmail Microsoft Corporation
718        "house", // house Sugar Park, LLC
719        "how", // how Charleston Road Registry Inc.
720        "hsbc", // hsbc HSBC Holdings PLC
721        "htc", // htc HTC corporation
722        "hyundai", // hyundai Hyundai Motor Company
723        "ibm", // ibm International Business Machines Corporation
724        "icbc", // icbc Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
725        "ice", // ice IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.
726        "icu", // icu One.com A/S
727        "ifm", // ifm ifm electronic gmbh
728        "iinet", // iinet Connect West Pty. Ltd.
729        "ikano", // ikano Ikano S.A.
730        "imamat", // imamat Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
731        "imdb", // imdb Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
732        "immo", // immo Auburn Bloom, LLC
733        "immobilien", // immobilien United TLD Holdco Ltd.
734        "industries", // industries Outer House, LLC
735        "infiniti", // infiniti NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
736        "info", // info Afilias Limited
737        "ing", // ing Charleston Road Registry Inc.
738        "ink", // ink Top Level Design, LLC
739        "institute", // institute Outer Maple, LLC
740        "insurance", // insurance fTLD Registry Services LLC
741        "insure", // insure Pioneer Willow, LLC
742        "int", // int Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
743        "international", // international Wild Way, LLC
744        "investments", // investments Holly Glen, LLC
745        "ipiranga", // ipiranga Ipiranga Produtos de Petroleo S.A.
746        "irish", // irish Dot-Irish LLC
747        "iselect", // iselect iSelect Ltd
748        "ismaili", // ismaili Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
749        "ist", // ist Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
750        "istanbul", // istanbul Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality / Medya A.S.
751        "itau", // itau Itau Unibanco Holding S.A.
752        "itv", // itv ITV Services Limited
753        "iwc", // iwc Richemont DNS Inc.
754        "jaguar", // jaguar Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
755        "java", // java Oracle Corporation
756        "jcb", // jcb JCB Co., Ltd.
757        "jcp", // jcp JCP Media, Inc.
758        "jetzt", // jetzt New TLD Company AB
759        "jewelry", // jewelry Wild Bloom, LLC
760        "jlc", // jlc Richemont DNS Inc.
761        "jll", // jll Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
762        "jmp", // jmp Matrix IP LLC
763        "jnj", // jnj Johnson &amp; Johnson Services, Inc.
764        "jobs", // jobs Employ Media LLC
765        "joburg", // joburg ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
766        "jot", // jot Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
767        "joy", // joy Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
768        "jpmorgan", // jpmorgan JPMorgan Chase &amp; Co.
769        "jprs", // jprs Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd.
770        "juegos", // juegos Uniregistry, Corp.
771        "kaufen", // kaufen United TLD Holdco Ltd.
772        "kddi", // kddi KDDI CORPORATION
773        "kerryhotels", // kerryhotels Kerry Trading Co. Limited
774        "kerrylogistics", // kerrylogistics Kerry Trading Co. Limited
775        "kerryproperties", // kerryproperties Kerry Trading Co. Limited
776        "kfh", // kfh Kuwait Finance House
777        "kia", // kia KIA MOTORS CORPORATION
778        "kim", // kim Afilias Limited
779        "kinder", // kinder Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
780        "kindle", // kindle Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
781        "kitchen", // kitchen Just Goodbye, LLC
782        "kiwi", // kiwi DOT KIWI LIMITED
783        "koeln", // koeln NetCologne Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH
784        "komatsu", // komatsu Komatsu Ltd.
785        "kosher", // kosher Kosher Marketing Assets LLC
786        "kpmg", // kpmg KPMG International Cooperative (KPMG International Genossenschaft)
787        "kpn", // kpn Koninklijke KPN N.V.
788        "krd", // krd KRG Department of Information Technology
789        "kred", // kred KredTLD Pty Ltd
790        "kuokgroup", // kuokgroup Kerry Trading Co. Limited
791        "kyoto", // kyoto Academic Institution: Kyoto Jyoho Gakuen
792        "lacaixa", // lacaixa CAIXA D&#39;ESTALVIS I PENSIONS DE BARCELONA
793        "lamborghini", // lamborghini Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
794        "lamer", // lamer The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
795        "lancaster", // lancaster LANCASTER
796        "land", // land Pine Moon, LLC
797        "landrover", // landrover Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
798        "lanxess", // lanxess LANXESS Corporation
799        "lasalle", // lasalle Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
800        "lat", // lat ECOM-LAC Federación de Latinoamérica y el Caribe para Internet y el Comercio Electrónico
801        "latrobe", // latrobe La Trobe University
802        "law", // law Minds + Machines Group Limited
803        "lawyer", // lawyer United TLD Holdco, Ltd
804        "lds", // lds IRI Domain Management, LLC
805        "lease", // lease Victor Trail, LLC
806        "leclerc", // leclerc A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc
807        "legal", // legal Blue Falls, LLC
808        "lego", // lego LEGO Juris A/S
809        "lexus", // lexus TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
810        "lgbt", // lgbt Afilias Limited
811        "liaison", // liaison Liaison Technologies, Incorporated
812        "lidl", // lidl Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH &amp; Co. KG
813        "life", // life Trixy Oaks, LLC
814        "lifeinsurance", // lifeinsurance American Council of Life Insurers
815        "lifestyle", // lifestyle Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
816        "lighting", // lighting John McCook, LLC
817        "like", // like Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
818        "limited", // limited Big Fest, LLC
819        "limo", // limo Hidden Frostbite, LLC
820        "lincoln", // lincoln Ford Motor Company
821        "linde", // linde Linde Aktiengesellschaft
822        "link", // link Uniregistry, Corp.
823        "lipsy", // lipsy Lipsy Ltd
824        "live", // live United TLD Holdco Ltd.
825        "living", // living Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
826        "lixil", // lixil LIXIL Group Corporation
827        "loan", // loan dot Loan Limited
828        "loans", // loans June Woods, LLC
829        "locker", // locker Dish DBS Corporation
830        "locus", // locus Locus Analytics LLC
831        "lol", // lol Uniregistry, Corp.
832        "london", // london Dot London Domains Limited
833        "lotte", // lotte Lotte Holdings Co., Ltd.
834        "lotto", // lotto Afilias Limited
835        "love", // love Merchant Law Group LLP
836        "ltd", // ltd Over Corner, LLC
837        "ltda", // ltda InterNetX Corp.
838        "lupin", // lupin LUPIN LIMITED
839        "luxe", // luxe Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
840        "luxury", // luxury Luxury Partners LLC
841        "madrid", // madrid Comunidad de Madrid
842        "maif", // maif Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF)
843        "maison", // maison Victor Frostbite, LLC
844        "makeup", // makeup L&#39;Oréal
845        "man", // man MAN SE
846        "management", // management John Goodbye, LLC
847        "mango", // mango PUNTO FA S.L.
848        "market", // market Unitied TLD Holdco, Ltd
849        "marketing", // marketing Fern Pass, LLC
850        "markets", // markets DOTMARKETS REGISTRY LTD
851        "marriott", // marriott Marriott Worldwide Corporation
852        "mattel", // mattel Mattel Sites, Inc.
853        "mba", // mba Lone Hollow, LLC
854        "med", // med Medistry LLC
855        "media", // media Grand Glen, LLC
856        "meet", // meet Afilias Limited
857        "melbourne", // melbourne The Crown in right of the State of Victoria
858        "meme", // meme Charleston Road Registry Inc.
859        "memorial", // memorial Dog Beach, LLC
860        "men", // men Exclusive Registry Limited
861        "menu", // menu Wedding TLD2, LLC
862        "meo", // meo PT Comunicacoes S.A.
863        "metlife", // metlife MetLife Services and Solutions, LLC
864        "miami", // miami Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
865        "microsoft", // microsoft Microsoft Corporation
866        "mil", // mil DoD Network Information Center
867        "mini", // mini Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
868        "mit", // mit Massachusetts Institute of Technology
869        "mitsubishi", // mitsubishi Mitsubishi Corporation
870        "mlb", // mlb MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC
871        "mls", // mls The Canadian Real Estate Association
872        "mma", // mma MMA IARD
873        "mobi", // mobi Afilias Technologies Limited dba dotMobi
874        "mobily", // mobily GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.
875        "moda", // moda United TLD Holdco Ltd.
876        "moe", // moe Interlink Co., Ltd.
877        "moi", // moi Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
878        "mom", // mom Uniregistry, Corp.
879        "monash", // monash Monash University
880        "money", // money Outer McCook, LLC
881        "montblanc", // montblanc Richemont DNS Inc.
882        "mormon", // mormon IRI Domain Management, LLC (&quot;Applicant&quot;)
883        "mortgage", // mortgage United TLD Holdco, Ltd
884        "moscow", // moscow Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
885        "motorcycles", // motorcycles DERMotorcycles, LLC
886        "mov", // mov Charleston Road Registry Inc.
887        "movie", // movie New Frostbite, LLC
888        "movistar", // movistar Telefónica S.A.
889        "mtn", // mtn MTN Dubai Limited
890        "mtpc", // mtpc Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
891        "mtr", // mtr MTR Corporation Limited
892        "museum", // museum Museum Domain Management Association
893        "mutual", // mutual Northwestern Mutual MU TLD Registry, LLC
894        "mutuelle", // mutuelle Fédération Nationale de la Mutualité Française
895        "nadex", // nadex Nadex Domains, Inc
896        "nagoya", // nagoya GMO Registry, Inc.
897        "name", // name VeriSign Information Services, Inc.
898        "natura", // natura NATURA COSMÉTICOS S.A.
899        "navy", // navy United TLD Holdco Ltd.
900        "nec", // nec NEC Corporation
901        "net", // net VeriSign Global Registry Services
902        "netbank", // netbank COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
903        "netflix", // netflix Netflix, Inc.
904        "network", // network Trixy Manor, LLC
905        "neustar", // neustar NeuStar, Inc.
906        "new", // new Charleston Road Registry Inc.
907        "news", // news United TLD Holdco Ltd.
908        "next", // next Next plc
909        "nextdirect", // nextdirect Next plc
910        "nexus", // nexus Charleston Road Registry Inc.
911        "nfl", // nfl NFL Reg Ops LLC
912        "ngo", // ngo Public Interest Registry
913        "nhk", // nhk Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
914        "nico", // nico DWANGO Co., Ltd.
915        "nike", // nike NIKE, Inc.
916        "nikon", // nikon NIKON CORPORATION
917        "ninja", // ninja United TLD Holdco Ltd.
918        "nissan", // nissan NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
919        "nissay", // nissay Nippon Life Insurance Company
920        "nokia", // nokia Nokia Corporation
921        "northwesternmutual", // northwesternmutual Northwestern Mutual Registry, LLC
922        "norton", // norton Symantec Corporation
923        "now", // now Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
924        "nowruz", // nowruz Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
925        "nowtv", // nowtv Starbucks (HK) Limited
926        "nra", // nra NRA Holdings Company, INC.
927        "nrw", // nrw Minds + Machines GmbH
928        "ntt", // ntt NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION
929        "nyc", // nyc The City of New York by and through the New York City Department of Information Technology &amp; Telecommunications
930        "obi", // obi OBI Group Holding SE &amp; Co. KGaA
931        "office", // office Microsoft Corporation
932        "okinawa", // okinawa BusinessRalliart inc.
933        "olayan", // olayan Crescent Holding GmbH
934        "olayangroup", // olayangroup Crescent Holding GmbH
935        "ollo", // ollo Dish DBS Corporation
936        "omega", // omega The Swatch Group Ltd
937        "one", // one One.com A/S
938        "ong", // ong Public Interest Registry
939        "onl", // onl I-REGISTRY Ltd., Niederlassung Deutschland
940        "online", // online DotOnline Inc.
941        "ooo", // ooo INFIBEAM INCORPORATION LIMITED
942        "oracle", // oracle Oracle Corporation
943        "orange", // orange Orange Brand Services Limited
944        "org", // org Public Interest Registry (PIR)
945        "organic", // organic Afilias Limited
946        "orientexpress", // orientexpress Orient Express
947        "origins", // origins The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
948        "osaka", // osaka Interlink Co., Ltd.
949        "otsuka", // otsuka Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd.
950        "ott", // ott Dish DBS Corporation
951        "ovh", // ovh OVH SAS
952        "page", // page Charleston Road Registry Inc.
953        "pamperedchef", // pamperedchef The Pampered Chef, Ltd.
954        "panerai", // panerai Richemont DNS Inc.
955        "paris", // paris City of Paris
956        "pars", // pars Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
957        "partners", // partners Magic Glen, LLC
958        "parts", // parts Sea Goodbye, LLC
959        "party", // party Blue Sky Registry Limited
960        "passagens", // passagens Travel Reservations SRL
961        "pccw", // pccw PCCW Enterprises Limited
962        "pet", // pet Afilias plc
963        "pharmacy", // pharmacy National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
964        "philips", // philips Koninklijke Philips N.V.
965        "photo", // photo Uniregistry, Corp.
966        "photography", // photography Sugar Glen, LLC
967        "photos", // photos Sea Corner, LLC
968        "physio", // physio PhysBiz Pty Ltd
969        "piaget", // piaget Richemont DNS Inc.
970        "pics", // pics Uniregistry, Corp.
971        "pictet", // pictet Pictet Europe S.A.
972        "pictures", // pictures Foggy Sky, LLC
973        "pid", // pid Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
974        "pin", // pin Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
975        "ping", // ping Ping Registry Provider, Inc.
976        "pink", // pink Afilias Limited
977        "pioneer", // pioneer Pioneer Corporation
978        "pizza", // pizza Foggy Moon, LLC
979        "place", // place Snow Galley, LLC
980        "play", // play Charleston Road Registry Inc.
981        "playstation", // playstation Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
982        "plumbing", // plumbing Spring Tigers, LLC
983        "plus", // plus Sugar Mill, LLC
984        "pnc", // pnc PNC Domain Co., LLC
985        "pohl", // pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
986        "poker", // poker Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited
987        "politie", // politie Politie Nederland
988        "porn", // porn ICM Registry PN LLC
989        "post", // post Universal Postal Union
990        "praxi", // praxi Praxi S.p.A.
991        "press", // press DotPress Inc.
992        "prime", // prime Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
993        "pro", // pro Registry Services Corporation dba RegistryPro
994        "prod", // prod Charleston Road Registry Inc.
995        "productions", // productions Magic Birch, LLC
996        "prof", // prof Charleston Road Registry Inc.
997        "progressive", // progressive Progressive Casualty Insurance Company
998        "promo", // promo Afilias plc
999        "properties", // properties Big Pass, LLC
1000        "property", // property Uniregistry, Corp.
1001        "protection", // protection XYZ.COM LLC
1002        "pub", // pub United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1003        "pwc", // pwc PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
1004        "qpon", // qpon dotCOOL, Inc.
1005        "quebec", // quebec PointQuébec Inc
1006        "quest", // quest Quest ION Limited
1007        "racing", // racing Premier Registry Limited
1008        "read", // read Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1009        "realestate", // realestate dotRealEstate LLC
1010        "realtor", // realtor Real Estate Domains LLC
1011        "realty", // realty Fegistry, LLC
1012        "recipes", // recipes Grand Island, LLC
1013        "red", // red Afilias Limited
1014        "redstone", // redstone Redstone Haute Couture Co., Ltd.
1015        "redumbrella", // redumbrella Travelers TLD, LLC
1016        "rehab", // rehab United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1017        "reise", // reise Foggy Way, LLC
1018        "reisen", // reisen New Cypress, LLC
1019        "reit", // reit National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc.
1020        "ren", // ren Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd.
1021        "rent", // rent XYZ.COM LLC
1022        "rentals", // rentals Big Hollow,LLC
1023        "repair", // repair Lone Sunset, LLC
1024        "report", // report Binky Glen, LLC
1025        "republican", // republican United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1026        "rest", // rest Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
1027        "restaurant", // restaurant Snow Avenue, LLC
1028        "review", // review dot Review Limited
1029        "reviews", // reviews United TLD Holdco, Ltd.
1030        "rexroth", // rexroth Robert Bosch GMBH
1031        "rich", // rich I-REGISTRY Ltd., Niederlassung Deutschland
1032        "richardli", // richardli Pacific Century Asset Management (HK) Limited
1033        "ricoh", // ricoh Ricoh Company, Ltd.
1034        "rio", // rio Empresa Municipal de Informática SA - IPLANRIO
1035        "rip", // rip United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1036        "rocher", // rocher Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
1037        "rocks", // rocks United TLD Holdco, LTD.
1038        "rodeo", // rodeo Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1039        "room", // room Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1040        "rsvp", // rsvp Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1041        "ruhr", // ruhr regiodot GmbH &amp; Co. KG
1042        "run", // run Snow Park, LLC
1043        "rwe", // rwe RWE AG
1044        "ryukyu", // ryukyu BusinessRalliart inc.
1045        "saarland", // saarland dotSaarland GmbH
1046        "safe", // safe Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1047        "safety", // safety Safety Registry Services, LLC.
1048        "sakura", // sakura SAKURA Internet Inc.
1049        "sale", // sale United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1050        "salon", // salon Outer Orchard, LLC
1051        "samsung", // samsung SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
1052        "sandvik", // sandvik Sandvik AB
1053        "sandvikcoromant", // sandvikcoromant Sandvik AB
1054        "sanofi", // sanofi Sanofi
1055        "sap", // sap SAP AG
1056        "sapo", // sapo PT Comunicacoes S.A.
1057        "sarl", // sarl Delta Orchard, LLC
1058        "sas", // sas Research IP LLC
1059        "save", // save Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1060        "saxo", // saxo Saxo Bank A/S
1061        "sbi", // sbi STATE BANK OF INDIA
1062        "sbs", // sbs SPECIAL BROADCASTING SERVICE CORPORATION
1063        "sca", // sca SVENSKA CELLULOSA AKTIEBOLAGET SCA (publ)
1064        "scb", // scb The Siam Commercial Bank Public Company Limited (&quot;SCB&quot;)
1065        "schaeffler", // schaeffler Schaeffler Technologies AG &amp; Co. KG
1066        "schmidt", // schmidt SALM S.A.S.
1067        "scholarships", // scholarships Scholarships.com, LLC
1068        "school", // school Little Galley, LLC
1069        "schule", // schule Outer Moon, LLC
1070        "schwarz", // schwarz Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH &amp; Co. KG
1071        "science", // science dot Science Limited
1072        "scor", // scor SCOR SE
1073        "scot", // scot Dot Scot Registry Limited
1074        "seat", // seat SEAT, S.A. (Sociedad Unipersonal)
1075        "security", // security XYZ.COM LLC
1076        "seek", // seek Seek Limited
1077        "select", // select iSelect Ltd
1078        "sener", // sener Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.
1079        "services", // services Fox Castle, LLC
1080        "ses", // ses SES
1081        "seven", // seven Seven West Media Ltd
1082        "sew", // sew SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH &amp; Co KG
1083        "sex", // sex ICM Registry SX LLC
1084        "sexy", // sexy Uniregistry, Corp.
1085        "sfr", // sfr Societe Francaise du Radiotelephone - SFR
1086        "shangrila", // shangrila Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited
1087        "sharp", // sharp Sharp Corporation
1088        "shaw", // shaw Shaw Cablesystems G.P.
1089        "shell", // shell Shell Information Technology International Inc
1090        "shia", // shia Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1091        "shiksha", // shiksha Afilias Limited
1092        "shoes", // shoes Binky Galley, LLC
1093        "shop", // shop GMO Registry, Inc.
1094        "shopping", // shopping Over Keep, LLC
1095        "shouji", // shouji QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
1096        "show", // show Snow Beach, LLC
1097        "shriram", // shriram Shriram Capital Ltd.
1098        "silk", // silk Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1099        "sina", // sina Sina Corporation
1100        "singles", // singles Fern Madison, LLC
1101        "site", // site DotSite Inc.
1102        "ski", // ski STARTING DOT LIMITED
1103        "skin", // skin L&#39;Oréal
1104        "sky", // sky Sky International AG
1105        "skype", // skype Microsoft Corporation
1106        "smile", // smile Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1107        "sncf", // sncf SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Francais)
1108        "soccer", // soccer Foggy Shadow, LLC
1109        "social", // social United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1110        "softbank", // softbank SoftBank Group Corp.
1111        "software", // software United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1112        "sohu", // sohu Sohu.com Limited
1113        "solar", // solar Ruby Town, LLC
1114        "solutions", // solutions Silver Cover, LLC
1115        "song", // song Amazon EU S.à r.l.
1116        "sony", // sony Sony Corporation
1117        "soy", // soy Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1118        "space", // space DotSpace Inc.
1119        "spiegel", // spiegel SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH &amp; Co. KG
1120        "spot", // spot Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1121        "spreadbetting", // spreadbetting DOTSPREADBETTING REGISTRY LTD
1122        "srl", // srl InterNetX Corp.
1123        "stada", // stada STADA Arzneimittel AG
1124        "star", // star Star India Private Limited
1125        "starhub", // starhub StarHub Limited
1126        "statebank", // statebank STATE BANK OF INDIA
1127        "statefarm", // statefarm State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company
1128        "statoil", // statoil Statoil ASA
1129        "stc", // stc Saudi Telecom Company
1130        "stcgroup", // stcgroup Saudi Telecom Company
1131        "stockholm", // stockholm Stockholms kommun
1132        "storage", // storage Self Storage Company LLC
1133        "store", // store DotStore Inc.
1134        "stream", // stream dot Stream Limited
1135        "studio", // studio United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1136        "study", // study OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
1137        "style", // style Binky Moon, LLC
1138        "sucks", // sucks Vox Populi Registry Ltd.
1139        "supplies", // supplies Atomic Fields, LLC
1140        "supply", // supply Half Falls, LLC
1141        "support", // support Grand Orchard, LLC
1142        "surf", // surf Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1143        "surgery", // surgery Tin Avenue, LLC
1144        "suzuki", // suzuki SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION
1145        "swatch", // swatch The Swatch Group Ltd
1146        "swiss", // swiss Swiss Confederation
1147        "sydney", // sydney State of New South Wales, Department of Premier and Cabinet
1148        "symantec", // symantec Symantec Corporation
1149        "systems", // systems Dash Cypress, LLC
1150        "tab", // tab Tabcorp Holdings Limited
1151        "taipei", // taipei Taipei City Government
1152        "talk", // talk Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1153        "taobao", // taobao Alibaba Group Holding Limited
1154        "tatamotors", // tatamotors Tata Motors Ltd
1155        "tatar", // tatar Limited Liability Company "Coordination Center of Regional Domain of Tatarstan Republic"
1156        "tattoo", // tattoo Uniregistry, Corp.
1157        "tax", // tax Storm Orchard, LLC
1158        "taxi", // taxi Pine Falls, LLC
1159        "tci", // tci Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1160        "tdk", // tdk TDK Corporation
1161        "team", // team Atomic Lake, LLC
1162        "tech", // tech Dot Tech LLC
1163        "technology", // technology Auburn Falls, LLC
1164        "tel", // tel Telnic Ltd.
1165        "telecity", // telecity TelecityGroup International Limited
1166        "telefonica", // telefonica Telefónica S.A.
1167        "temasek", // temasek Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
1168        "tennis", // tennis Cotton Bloom, LLC
1169        "teva", // teva Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
1170        "thd", // thd Homer TLC, Inc.
1171        "theater", // theater Blue Tigers, LLC
1172        "theatre", // theatre XYZ.COM LLC
1173        "tickets", // tickets Accent Media Limited
1174        "tienda", // tienda Victor Manor, LLC
1175        "tiffany", // tiffany Tiffany and Company
1176        "tips", // tips Corn Willow, LLC
1177        "tires", // tires Dog Edge, LLC
1178        "tirol", // tirol punkt Tirol GmbH
1179        "tmall", // tmall Alibaba Group Holding Limited
1180        "today", // today Pearl Woods, LLC
1181        "tokyo", // tokyo GMO Registry, Inc.
1182        "tools", // tools Pioneer North, LLC
1183        "top", // top Jiangsu Bangning Science &amp; Technology Co.,Ltd.
1184        "toray", // toray Toray Industries, Inc.
1185        "toshiba", // toshiba TOSHIBA Corporation
1186        "total", // total Total SA
1187        "tours", // tours Sugar Station, LLC
1188        "town", // town Koko Moon, LLC
1189        "toyota", // toyota TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
1190        "toys", // toys Pioneer Orchard, LLC
1191        "trade", // trade Elite Registry Limited
1192        "trading", // trading DOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD
1193        "training", // training Wild Willow, LLC
1194        "travel", // travel Tralliance Registry Management Company, LLC.
1195        "travelchannel", // travelchannel Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
1196        "travelers", // travelers Travelers TLD, LLC
1197        "travelersinsurance", // travelersinsurance Travelers TLD, LLC
1198        "trust", // trust Artemis Internet Inc
1199        "trv", // trv Travelers TLD, LLC
1200        "tube", // tube Latin American Telecom LLC
1201        "tui", // tui TUI AG
1202        "tunes", // tunes Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1203        "tushu", // tushu Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1204        "tvs", // tvs T V SUNDRAM IYENGAR  &amp; SONS PRIVATE LIMITED
1205        "ubs", // ubs UBS AG
1206        "unicom", // unicom China United Network Communications Corporation Limited
1207        "university", // university Little Station, LLC
1208        "uno", // uno Dot Latin LLC
1209        "uol", // uol UBN INTERNET LTDA.
1210        "ups", // ups UPS Market Driver, Inc.
1211        "vacations", // vacations Atomic Tigers, LLC
1212        "vana", // vana Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
1213        "vegas", // vegas Dot Vegas, Inc.
1214        "ventures", // ventures Binky Lake, LLC
1215        "verisign", // verisign VeriSign, Inc.
1216        "versicherung", // versicherung dotversicherung-registry GmbH
1217        "vet", // vet United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1218        "viajes", // viajes Black Madison, LLC
1219        "video", // video United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1220        "vig", // vig VIENNA INSURANCE GROUP AG Wiener Versicherung Gruppe
1221        "viking", // viking Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.
1222        "villas", // villas New Sky, LLC
1223        "vin", // vin Holly Shadow, LLC
1224        "vip", // vip Minds + Machines Group Limited
1225        "virgin", // virgin Virgin Enterprises Limited
1226        "vision", // vision Koko Station, LLC
1227        "vista", // vista Vistaprint Limited
1228        "vistaprint", // vistaprint Vistaprint Limited
1229        "viva", // viva Saudi Telecom Company
1230        "vlaanderen", // vlaanderen DNS.be vzw
1231        "vodka", // vodka Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1232        "volkswagen", // volkswagen Volkswagen Group of America Inc.
1233        "vote", // vote Monolith Registry LLC
1234        "voting", // voting Valuetainment Corp.
1235        "voto", // voto Monolith Registry LLC
1236        "voyage", // voyage Ruby House, LLC
1237        "vuelos", // vuelos Travel Reservations SRL
1238        "wales", // wales Nominet UK
1239        "walter", // walter Sandvik AB
1240        "wang", // wang Zodiac Registry Limited
1241        "wanggou", // wanggou Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1242        "warman", // warman Weir Group IP Limited
1243        "watch", // watch Sand Shadow, LLC
1244        "watches", // watches Richemont DNS Inc.
1245        "weather", // weather The Weather Channel, LLC
1246        "weatherchannel", // weatherchannel The Weather Channel, LLC
1247        "webcam", // webcam dot Webcam Limited
1248        "weber", // weber Saint-Gobain Weber SA
1249        "website", // website DotWebsite Inc.
1250        "wed", // wed Atgron, Inc.
1251        "wedding", // wedding Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1252        "weibo", // weibo Sina Corporation
1253        "weir", // weir Weir Group IP Limited
1254        "whoswho", // whoswho Who&#39;s Who Registry
1255        "wien", // wien punkt.wien GmbH
1256        "wiki", // wiki Top Level Design, LLC
1257        "williamhill", // williamhill William Hill Organization Limited
1258        "win", // win First Registry Limited
1259        "windows", // windows Microsoft Corporation
1260        "wine", // wine June Station, LLC
1261        "wme", // wme William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC
1262        "wolterskluwer", // wolterskluwer Wolters Kluwer N.V.
1263        "woodside", // woodside Woodside Petroleum Limited
1264        "work", // work Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1265        "works", // works Little Dynamite, LLC
1266        "world", // world Bitter Fields, LLC
1267        "wtc", // wtc World Trade Centers Association, Inc.
1268        "wtf", // wtf Hidden Way, LLC
1269        "xbox", // xbox Microsoft Corporation
1270        "xerox", // xerox Xerox DNHC LLC
1271        "xfinity", // xfinity Comcast IP Holdings I, LLC
1272        "xihuan", // xihuan QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
1273        "xin", // xin Elegant Leader Limited
1274        "xn--11b4c3d", // कॉम VeriSign Sarl
1275        "xn--1ck2e1b", // セール Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1276        "xn--1qqw23a", // 佛山 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
1277        "xn--30rr7y", // 慈善 Excellent First Limited
1278        "xn--3bst00m", // 集团 Eagle Horizon Limited
1279        "xn--3ds443g", // 在线 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
1280        "xn--3pxu8k", // 点看 VeriSign Sarl
1281        "xn--42c2d9a", // คอม VeriSign Sarl
1282        "xn--45q11c", // 八卦 Zodiac Scorpio Limited
1283        "xn--4gbrim", // موقع Suhub Electronic Establishment
1284        "xn--55qw42g", // 公益 China Organizational Name Administration Center
1285        "xn--55qx5d", // 公司 Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences (China Internet Network Information Center)
1286        "xn--5su34j936bgsg", // 香格里拉 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited
1287        "xn--5tzm5g", // 网站 Global Website TLD Asia Limited
1288        "xn--6frz82g", // 移动 Afilias Limited
1289        "xn--6qq986b3xl", // 我爱你 Tycoon Treasure Limited
1290        "xn--80adxhks", // москва Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
1291        "xn--80asehdb", // онлайн CORE Association
1292        "xn--80aswg", // сайт CORE Association
1293        "xn--8y0a063a", // 联通 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited
1294        "xn--90ae", // бг Imena.BG Plc (NAMES.BG Plc)
1295        "xn--9dbq2a", // קום VeriSign Sarl
1296        "xn--9et52u", // 时尚 RISE VICTORY LIMITED
1297        "xn--9krt00a", // 微博 Sina Corporation
1298        "xn--b4w605ferd", // 淡马锡 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
1299        "xn--bck1b9a5dre4c", // ファッション Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1300        "xn--c1avg", // орг Public Interest Registry
1301        "xn--c2br7g", // नेट VeriSign Sarl
1302        "xn--cck2b3b", // ストア Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1303        "xn--cg4bki", // 삼성 SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
1304        "xn--czr694b", // 商标 HU YI GLOBAL INFORMATION RESOURCES(HOLDING) COMPANY.HONGKONG LIMITED
1305        "xn--czrs0t", // 商店 Wild Island, LLC
1306        "xn--czru2d", // 商城 Zodiac Aquarius Limited
1307        "xn--d1acj3b", // дети The Foundation for Network Initiatives “The Smart Internet”
1308        "xn--eckvdtc9d", // ポイント Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1309        "xn--efvy88h", // 新闻 Xinhua News Agency Guangdong Branch 新华通讯社广东分社
1310        "xn--estv75g", // 工行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
1311        "xn--fct429k", // 家電 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1312        "xn--fhbei", // كوم VeriSign Sarl
1313        "xn--fiq228c5hs", // 中文网 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
1314        "xn--fiq64b", // 中信 CITIC Group Corporation
1315        "xn--fjq720a", // 娱乐 Will Bloom, LLC
1316        "xn--flw351e", // 谷歌 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1317        "xn--fzys8d69uvgm", // 電訊盈科 PCCW Enterprises Limited
1318        "xn--g2xx48c", // 购物 Minds + Machines Group Limited
1319        "xn--gckr3f0f", // クラウド Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1320        "xn--hxt814e", // 网店 Zodiac Libra Limited
1321        "xn--i1b6b1a6a2e", // संगठन Public Interest Registry
1322        "xn--imr513n", // 餐厅 HU YI GLOBAL INFORMATION RESOURCES (HOLDING) COMPANY. HONGKONG LIMITED
1323        "xn--io0a7i", // 网络 Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences (China Internet Network Information Center)
1324        "xn--j1aef", // ком VeriSign Sarl
1325        "xn--jlq61u9w7b", // 诺基亚 Nokia Corporation
1326        "xn--jvr189m", // 食品 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1327        "xn--kcrx77d1x4a", // 飞利浦 Koninklijke Philips N.V.
1328        "xn--kpu716f", // 手表 Richemont DNS Inc.
1329        "xn--kput3i", // 手机 Beijing RITT-Net Technology Development Co., Ltd
1330        "xn--mgba3a3ejt", // ارامكو Aramco Services Company
1331        "xn--mgba7c0bbn0a", // العليان Crescent Holding GmbH
1332        "xn--mgbab2bd", // بازار CORE Association
1333        "xn--mgbb9fbpob", // موبايلي GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.
1334        "xn--mgbca7dzdo", // ابوظبي Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre
1335        "xn--mgbt3dhd", // همراه Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1336        "xn--mk1bu44c", // 닷컴 VeriSign Sarl
1337        "xn--mxtq1m", // 政府 Net-Chinese Co., Ltd.
1338        "xn--ngbc5azd", // شبكة International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd.
1339        "xn--ngbe9e0a", // بيتك Kuwait Finance House
1340        "xn--nqv7f", // 机构 Public Interest Registry
1341        "xn--nqv7fs00ema", // 组织机构 Public Interest Registry
1342        "xn--nyqy26a", // 健康 Stable Tone Limited
1343        "xn--p1acf", // рус Rusnames Limited
1344        "xn--pbt977c", // 珠宝 Richemont DNS Inc.
1345        "xn--pssy2u", // 大拿 VeriSign Sarl
1346        "xn--q9jyb4c", // みんな Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1347        "xn--qcka1pmc", // グーグル Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1348        "xn--rhqv96g", // 世界 Stable Tone Limited
1349        "xn--rovu88b", // 書籍 Amazon EU S.à r.l.
1350        "xn--ses554g", // 网址 KNET Co., Ltd
1351        "xn--t60b56a", // 닷넷 VeriSign Sarl
1352        "xn--tckwe", // コム VeriSign Sarl
1353        "xn--unup4y", // 游戏 Spring Fields, LLC
1354        "xn--vermgensberater-ctb", // VERMöGENSBERATER Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
1355        "xn--vermgensberatung-pwb", // VERMöGENSBERATUNG Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
1356        "xn--vhquv", // 企业 Dash McCook, LLC
1357        "xn--vuq861b", // 信息 Beijing Tele-info Network Technology Co., Ltd.
1358        "xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra", // 嘉里大酒店 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
1359        "xn--w4rs40l", // 嘉里 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
1360        "xn--xhq521b", // 广东 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
1361        "xn--zfr164b", // 政务 China Organizational Name Administration Center
1362        "xperia", // xperia Sony Mobile Communications AB
1363        "xxx", // xxx ICM Registry LLC
1364        "xyz", // xyz XYZ.COM LLC
1365        "yachts", // yachts DERYachts, LLC
1366        "yahoo", // yahoo Yahoo! Domain Services Inc.
1367        "yamaxun", // yamaxun Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1368        "yandex", // yandex YANDEX, LLC
1369        "yodobashi", // yodobashi YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
1370        "yoga", // yoga Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1371        "yokohama", // yokohama GMO Registry, Inc.
1372        "you", // you Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1373        "youtube", // youtube Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1374        "yun", // yun QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
1375        "zappos", // zappos Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1376        "zara", // zara Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (INDITEX, S.A.)
1377        "zero", // zero Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1378        "zip", // zip Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1379        "zippo", // zippo Zadco Company
1380        "zone", // zone Outer Falls, LLC
1381        "zuerich", // zuerich Kanton Zürich (Canton of Zurich)
1382    };
1383
1384    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1385    private static final String[] COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS = new String[] {
1386        "ac",                 // Ascension Island
1387        "ad",                 // Andorra
1388        "ae",                 // United Arab Emirates
1389        "af",                 // Afghanistan
1390        "ag",                 // Antigua and Barbuda
1391        "ai",                 // Anguilla
1392        "al",                 // Albania
1393        "am",                 // Armenia
1394        //"an",               // Netherlands Antilles (retired)
1395        "ao",                 // Angola
1396        "aq",                 // Antarctica
1397        "ar",                 // Argentina
1398        "as",                 // American Samoa
1399        "at",                 // Austria
1400        "au",                 // Australia (includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands)
1401        "aw",                 // Aruba
1402        "ax",                 // Åland
1403        "az",                 // Azerbaijan
1404        "ba",                 // Bosnia and Herzegovina
1405        "bb",                 // Barbados
1406        "bd",                 // Bangladesh
1407        "be",                 // Belgium
1408        "bf",                 // Burkina Faso
1409        "bg",                 // Bulgaria
1410        "bh",                 // Bahrain
1411        "bi",                 // Burundi
1412        "bj",                 // Benin
1413        "bm",                 // Bermuda
1414        "bn",                 // Brunei Darussalam
1415        "bo",                 // Bolivia
1416        "br",                 // Brazil
1417        "bs",                 // Bahamas
1418        "bt",                 // Bhutan
1419        "bv",                 // Bouvet Island
1420        "bw",                 // Botswana
1421        "by",                 // Belarus
1422        "bz",                 // Belize
1423        "ca",                 // Canada
1424        "cc",                 // Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1425        "cd",                 // Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)
1426        "cf",                 // Central African Republic
1427        "cg",                 // Republic of the Congo
1428        "ch",                 // Switzerland
1429        "ci",                 // Côte d'Ivoire
1430        "ck",                 // Cook Islands
1431        "cl",                 // Chile
1432        "cm",                 // Cameroon
1433        "cn",                 // China, mainland
1434        "co",                 // Colombia
1435        "cr",                 // Costa Rica
1436        "cu",                 // Cuba
1437        "cv",                 // Cape Verde
1438        "cw",                 // Curaçao
1439        "cx",                 // Christmas Island
1440        "cy",                 // Cyprus
1441        "cz",                 // Czech Republic
1442        "de",                 // Germany
1443        "dj",                 // Djibouti
1444        "dk",                 // Denmark
1445        "dm",                 // Dominica
1446        "do",                 // Dominican Republic
1447        "dz",                 // Algeria
1448        "ec",                 // Ecuador
1449        "ee",                 // Estonia
1450        "eg",                 // Egypt
1451        "er",                 // Eritrea
1452        "es",                 // Spain
1453        "et",                 // Ethiopia
1454        "eu",                 // European Union
1455        "fi",                 // Finland
1456        "fj",                 // Fiji
1457        "fk",                 // Falkland Islands
1458        "fm",                 // Federated States of Micronesia
1459        "fo",                 // Faroe Islands
1460        "fr",                 // France
1461        "ga",                 // Gabon
1462        "gb",                 // Great Britain (United Kingdom)
1463        "gd",                 // Grenada
1464        "ge",                 // Georgia
1465        "gf",                 // French Guiana
1466        "gg",                 // Guernsey
1467        "gh",                 // Ghana
1468        "gi",                 // Gibraltar
1469        "gl",                 // Greenland
1470        "gm",                 // The Gambia
1471        "gn",                 // Guinea
1472        "gp",                 // Guadeloupe
1473        "gq",                 // Equatorial Guinea
1474        "gr",                 // Greece
1475        "gs",                 // South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1476        "gt",                 // Guatemala
1477        "gu",                 // Guam
1478        "gw",                 // Guinea-Bissau
1479        "gy",                 // Guyana
1480        "hk",                 // Hong Kong
1481        "hm",                 // Heard Island and McDonald Islands
1482        "hn",                 // Honduras
1483        "hr",                 // Croatia (Hrvatska)
1484        "ht",                 // Haiti
1485        "hu",                 // Hungary
1486        "id",                 // Indonesia
1487        "ie",                 // Ireland (Éire)
1488        "il",                 // Israel
1489        "im",                 // Isle of Man
1490        "in",                 // India
1491        "io",                 // British Indian Ocean Territory
1492        "iq",                 // Iraq
1493        "ir",                 // Iran
1494        "is",                 // Iceland
1495        "it",                 // Italy
1496        "je",                 // Jersey
1497        "jm",                 // Jamaica
1498        "jo",                 // Jordan
1499        "jp",                 // Japan
1500        "ke",                 // Kenya
1501        "kg",                 // Kyrgyzstan
1502        "kh",                 // Cambodia (Khmer)
1503        "ki",                 // Kiribati
1504        "km",                 // Comoros
1505        "kn",                 // Saint Kitts and Nevis
1506        "kp",                 // North Korea
1507        "kr",                 // South Korea
1508        "kw",                 // Kuwait
1509        "ky",                 // Cayman Islands
1510        "kz",                 // Kazakhstan
1511        "la",                 // Laos (currently being marketed as the official domain for Los Angeles)
1512        "lb",                 // Lebanon
1513        "lc",                 // Saint Lucia
1514        "li",                 // Liechtenstein
1515        "lk",                 // Sri Lanka
1516        "lr",                 // Liberia
1517        "ls",                 // Lesotho
1518        "lt",                 // Lithuania
1519        "lu",                 // Luxembourg
1520        "lv",                 // Latvia
1521        "ly",                 // Libya
1522        "ma",                 // Morocco
1523        "mc",                 // Monaco
1524        "md",                 // Moldova
1525        "me",                 // Montenegro
1526        "mg",                 // Madagascar
1527        "mh",                 // Marshall Islands
1528        "mk",                 // Republic of Macedonia
1529        "ml",                 // Mali
1530        "mm",                 // Myanmar
1531        "mn",                 // Mongolia
1532        "mo",                 // Macau
1533        "mp",                 // Northern Mariana Islands
1534        "mq",                 // Martinique
1535        "mr",                 // Mauritania
1536        "ms",                 // Montserrat
1537        "mt",                 // Malta
1538        "mu",                 // Mauritius
1539        "mv",                 // Maldives
1540        "mw",                 // Malawi
1541        "mx",                 // Mexico
1542        "my",                 // Malaysia
1543        "mz",                 // Mozambique
1544        "na",                 // Namibia
1545        "nc",                 // New Caledonia
1546        "ne",                 // Niger
1547        "nf",                 // Norfolk Island
1548        "ng",                 // Nigeria
1549        "ni",                 // Nicaragua
1550        "nl",                 // Netherlands
1551        "no",                 // Norway
1552        "np",                 // Nepal
1553        "nr",                 // Nauru
1554        "nu",                 // Niue
1555        "nz",                 // New Zealand
1556        "om",                 // Oman
1557        "pa",                 // Panama
1558        "pe",                 // Peru
1559        "pf",                 // French Polynesia With Clipperton Island
1560        "pg",                 // Papua New Guinea
1561        "ph",                 // Philippines
1562        "pk",                 // Pakistan
1563        "pl",                 // Poland
1564        "pm",                 // Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
1565        "pn",                 // Pitcairn Islands
1566        "pr",                 // Puerto Rico
1567        "ps",                 // Palestinian territories (PA-controlled West Bank and Gaza Strip)
1568        "pt",                 // Portugal
1569        "pw",                 // Palau
1570        "py",                 // Paraguay
1571        "qa",                 // Qatar
1572        "re",                 // Réunion
1573        "ro",                 // Romania
1574        "rs",                 // Serbia
1575        "ru",                 // Russia
1576        "rw",                 // Rwanda
1577        "sa",                 // Saudi Arabia
1578        "sb",                 // Solomon Islands
1579        "sc",                 // Seychelles
1580        "sd",                 // Sudan
1581        "se",                 // Sweden
1582        "sg",                 // Singapore
1583        "sh",                 // Saint Helena
1584        "si",                 // Slovenia
1585        "sj",                 // Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands Not in use (Norwegian dependencies; see .no)
1586        "sk",                 // Slovakia
1587        "sl",                 // Sierra Leone
1588        "sm",                 // San Marino
1589        "sn",                 // Senegal
1590        "so",                 // Somalia
1591        "sr",                 // Suriname
1592        "st",                 // São Tomé and Príncipe
1593        "su",                 // Soviet Union (deprecated)
1594        "sv",                 // El Salvador
1595        "sx",                 // Sint Maarten
1596        "sy",                 // Syria
1597        "sz",                 // Swaziland
1598        "tc",                 // Turks and Caicos Islands
1599        "td",                 // Chad
1600        "tf",                 // French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1601        "tg",                 // Togo
1602        "th",                 // Thailand
1603        "tj",                 // Tajikistan
1604        "tk",                 // Tokelau
1605        "tl",                 // East Timor (deprecated old code)
1606        "tm",                 // Turkmenistan
1607        "tn",                 // Tunisia
1608        "to",                 // Tonga
1609        //"tp",               // East Timor (Retired)
1610        "tr",                 // Turkey
1611        "tt",                 // Trinidad and Tobago
1612        "tv",                 // Tuvalu
1613        "tw",                 // Taiwan, Republic of China
1614        "tz",                 // Tanzania
1615        "ua",                 // Ukraine
1616        "ug",                 // Uganda
1617        "uk",                 // United Kingdom
1618        "us",                 // United States of America
1619        "uy",                 // Uruguay
1620        "uz",                 // Uzbekistan
1621        "va",                 // Vatican City State
1622        "vc",                 // Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1623        "ve",                 // Venezuela
1624        "vg",                 // British Virgin Islands
1625        "vi",                 // U.S. Virgin Islands
1626        "vn",                 // Vietnam
1627        "vu",                 // Vanuatu
1628        "wf",                 // Wallis and Futuna
1629        "ws",                 // Samoa (formerly Western Samoa)
1630        "xn--3e0b707e", // 한국 KISA (Korea Internet &amp; Security Agency)
1631        "xn--45brj9c", // ভারত National Internet Exchange of India
1632        "xn--80ao21a", // қаз Association of IT Companies of Kazakhstan
1633        "xn--90a3ac", // срб Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS)
1634        "xn--90ais", // ??? Reliable Software Inc.
1635        "xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd", // சிங்கப்பூர் Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) Pte Ltd
1636        "xn--d1alf", // мкд Macedonian Academic Research Network Skopje
1637        "xn--e1a4c", // ею EURid vzw/asbl
1638        "xn--fiqs8s", // 中国 China Internet Network Information Center
1639        "xn--fiqz9s", // 中國 China Internet Network Information Center
1640        "xn--fpcrj9c3d", // భారత్ National Internet Exchange of India
1641        "xn--fzc2c9e2c", // ලංකා LK Domain Registry
1642        "xn--gecrj9c", // ભારત National Internet Exchange of India
1643        "xn--h2brj9c", // भारत National Internet Exchange of India
1644        "xn--j1amh", // укр Ukrainian Network Information Centre (UANIC), Inc.
1645        "xn--j6w193g", // 香港 Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.
1646        "xn--kprw13d", // 台湾 Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC)
1647        "xn--kpry57d", // 台灣 Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC)
1648        "xn--l1acc", // мон Datacom Co.,Ltd
1649        "xn--lgbbat1ad8j", // الجزائر CERIST
1650        "xn--mgb9awbf", // عمان Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
1651        "xn--mgba3a4f16a", // ایران Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)
1652        "xn--mgbaam7a8h", // امارات Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
1653        "xn--mgbayh7gpa", // الاردن National Information Technology Center (NITC)
1654        "xn--mgbbh1a71e", // بھارت National Internet Exchange of India
1655        "xn--mgbc0a9azcg", // المغرب Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunications (ANRT)
1656        "xn--mgberp4a5d4ar", // السعودية Communications and Information Technology Commission
1657        "xn--mgbpl2fh", // ????? Sudan Internet Society
1658        "xn--mgbtx2b", // عراق Communications and Media Commission (CMC)
1659        "xn--mgbx4cd0ab", // مليسيا MYNIC Berhad
1660        "xn--mix891f", // 澳門 Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation (DSRT)
1661        "xn--node", // გე Information Technologies Development Center (ITDC)
1662        "xn--o3cw4h", // ไทย Thai Network Information Center Foundation
1663        "xn--ogbpf8fl", // سورية National Agency for Network Services (NANS)
1664        "xn--p1ai", // рф Coordination Center for TLD RU
1665        "xn--pgbs0dh", // تونس Agence Tunisienne d&#39;Internet
1666        "xn--qxam", // ελ ICS-FORTH GR
1667        "xn--s9brj9c", // ਭਾਰਤ National Internet Exchange of India
1668        "xn--wgbh1c", // مصر National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority - NTRA
1669        "xn--wgbl6a", // قطر Communications Regulatory Authority
1670        "xn--xkc2al3hye2a", // இலங்கை LK Domain Registry
1671        "xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h", // இந்தியா National Internet Exchange of India
1672        "xn--y9a3aq", // ??? Internet Society
1673        "xn--yfro4i67o", // 新加坡 Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) Pte Ltd
1674        "xn--ygbi2ammx", // فلسطين Ministry of Telecom &amp; Information Technology (MTIT)
1675        "ye",                 // Yemen
1676        "yt",                 // Mayotte
1677        "za",                 // South Africa
1678        "zm",                 // Zambia
1679        "zw",                 // Zimbabwe
1680    };
1681
1682    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1683    private static final String[] LOCAL_TLDS = new String[] {
1684       "localdomain",         // Also widely used as localhost.localdomain
1685       "localhost",           // RFC2606 defined
1686    };
1687
1688    // Additional arrays to supplement or override the built in ones.
1689    // The PLUS arrays are valid keys, the MINUS arrays are invalid keys
1690
1691    /*
1692     * This field is used to detect whether the getInstance has been called.
1693     * After this, the method updateTLDOverride is not allowed to be called.
1694     * This field does not need to be volatile since it is only accessed from
1695     * synchronized methods.
1696     */
1697    private static boolean inUse;
1698
1699    /*
1700     * These arrays are mutable, but they don't need to be volatile.
1701     * They can only be updated by the updateTLDOverride method, and any readers must get an instance
1702     * using the getInstance methods which are all (now) synchronised.
1703     */
1704    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1705    private static volatile String[] countryCodeTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1706
1707    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1708    private static volatile String[] genericTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1709
1710    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1711    private static volatile String[] countryCodeTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1712
1713    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1714    private static volatile String[] genericTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1715
1716    /**
1717     * enum used by {@link DomainValidator#updateTLDOverride(ArrayType, String[])}
1718     * to determine which override array to update / fetch
1719     * @since 1.5.0
1720     * @since 1.5.1 made public and added read-only array references
1721     */
1722    public enum ArrayType {
1723        /** Update (or get a copy of) the GENERIC_TLDS_PLUS table containing additonal generic TLDs */
1724        GENERIC_PLUS,
1725        /** Update (or get a copy of) the GENERIC_TLDS_MINUS table containing deleted generic TLDs */
1726        GENERIC_MINUS,
1727        /** Update (or get a copy of) the COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_PLUS table containing additonal country code TLDs */
1728        COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS,
1729        /** Update (or get a copy of) the COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_MINUS table containing deleted country code TLDs */
1730        COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS,
1731        /** Get a copy of the generic TLDS table */
1732        GENERIC_RO,
1733        /** Get a copy of the country code table */
1734        COUNTRY_CODE_RO,
1735        /** Get a copy of the infrastructure table */
1736        INFRASTRUCTURE_RO,
1737        /** Get a copy of the local table */
1738        LOCAL_RO
1739    }
1740
1741    // For use by unit test code only
1742    static synchronized void clearTLDOverrides() {
1743        inUse = false;
1744        countryCodeTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1745        countryCodeTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1746        genericTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1747        genericTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1748    }
1749
1750    /**
1751     * Update one of the TLD override arrays.
1752     * This must only be done at program startup, before any instances are accessed using getInstance.
1753     * <p>
1754     * For example:
1755     * <p>
1756     * <code>DomainValidator.updateTLDOverride(ArrayType.GENERIC_PLUS, new String[]{"apache"})}</code>
1757     * <p>
1758     * To clear an override array, provide an empty array.
1759     *
1760     * @param table the table to update, see {@link DomainValidator.ArrayType}
1761     * Must be one of the following
1762     * <ul>
1763     * <li>COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS</li>
1764     * <li>COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS</li>
1765     * <li>GENERIC_MINUS</li>
1766     * <li>GENERIC_PLUS</li>
1767     * </ul>
1768     * @param tlds the array of TLDs, must not be null
1769     * @throws IllegalStateException if the method is called after getInstance
1770     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the read-only tables is requested
1771     * @since 1.5.0
1772     */
1773    public static synchronized void updateTLDOverride(ArrayType table, String[] tlds) {
1774        if (inUse) {
1775            throw new IllegalStateException("Can only invoke this method before calling getInstance");
1776        }
1777        String[] copy = new String[tlds.length];
1778        // Comparisons are always done with lower-case entries
1779        for (int i = 0; i < tlds.length; i++) {
1780            copy[i] = tlds[i].toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
1781        }
1782        Arrays.sort(copy);
1783        switch(table) {
1784        case COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS:
1785            countryCodeTLDsMinus = copy;
1786            break;
1787        case COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS:
1788            countryCodeTLDsPlus = copy;
1789            break;
1790        case GENERIC_MINUS:
1791            genericTLDsMinus = copy;
1792            break;
1793        case GENERIC_PLUS:
1794            genericTLDsPlus = copy;
1795            break;
1796        case COUNTRY_CODE_RO:
1797        case GENERIC_RO:
1798        case INFRASTRUCTURE_RO:
1799        case LOCAL_RO:
1800            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot update the table: " + table);
1801        default:
1802            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected enum value: " + table);
1803        }
1804    }
1805
1806    /**
1807     * Get a copy of the internal array.
1808     * @param table the array type (any of the enum values)
1809     * @return a copy of the array
1810     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the table type is unexpected (should not happen)
1811     * @since 1.5.1
1812     */
1813    public static String[] getTLDEntries(ArrayType table) {
1814        final String[] array;
1815        switch(table) {
1816        case COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS:
1817            array = countryCodeTLDsMinus;
1818            break;
1819        case COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS:
1820            array = countryCodeTLDsPlus;
1821            break;
1822        case GENERIC_MINUS:
1823            array = genericTLDsMinus;
1824            break;
1825        case GENERIC_PLUS:
1826            array = genericTLDsPlus;
1827            break;
1828        case GENERIC_RO:
1829            array = GENERIC_TLDS;
1830            break;
1831        case COUNTRY_CODE_RO:
1832            array = COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS;
1833            break;
1834        case INFRASTRUCTURE_RO:
1835            array = INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS;
1836            break;
1837        case LOCAL_RO:
1838            array = LOCAL_TLDS;
1839            break;
1840        default:
1841            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected enum value: " + table);
1842        }
1843        return Arrays.copyOf(array, array.length); // clone the array
1844    }
1845
1846    /**
1847     * Converts potentially Unicode input to punycode.
1848     * If conversion fails, returns the original input.
1849     *
1850     * @param input the string to convert, not null
1851     * @return converted input, or original input if conversion fails
1852     */
1853    // Needed by UrlValidator
1854    static String unicodeToASCII(String input) {
1855        if (isOnlyASCII(input)) { // skip possibly expensive processing
1856            return input;
1857        }
1858        try {
1859            final String ascii = IDN.toASCII(input);
1860            if (IDNBUGHOLDER.IDN_TOASCII_PRESERVES_TRAILING_DOTS) {
1861                return ascii;
1862            }
1863            final int length = input.length();
1864            if (length == 0) { // check there is a last character
1865                return input;
1866            }
1867            // RFC3490 3.1. 1)
1868            //            Whenever dots are used as label separators, the following
1869            //            characters MUST be recognized as dots: U+002E (full stop), U+3002
1870            //            (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop), U+FF61
1871            //            (halfwidth ideographic full stop).
1872            char lastChar = input.charAt(length-1); // fetch original last char
1873            switch(lastChar) {
1874                case '\u002E': // "." full stop
1875                case '\u3002': // ideographic full stop
1876                case '\uFF0E': // fullwidth full stop
1877                case '\uFF61': // halfwidth ideographic full stop
1878                    return ascii + '.'; // restore the missing stop
1879                default:
1880                    return ascii;
1881            }
1882        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { // input is not valid
1883            Main.trace(e);
1884            return input;
1885        }
1886    }
1887
1888    private static class IDNBUGHOLDER {
1889        private static boolean keepsTrailingDot() {
1890            final String input = "a."; // must be a valid name
1891            return input.equals(IDN.toASCII(input));
1892        }
1893
1894        private static final boolean IDN_TOASCII_PRESERVES_TRAILING_DOTS = keepsTrailingDot();
1895    }
1896
1897    /*
1898     * Check if input contains only ASCII
1899     * Treats null as all ASCII
1900     */
1901    private static boolean isOnlyASCII(String input) {
1902        if (input == null) {
1903            return true;
1904        }
1905        for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++) {
1906            if (input.charAt(i) > 0x7F) { // CHECKSTYLE IGNORE MagicNumber
1907                return false;
1908            }
1909        }
1910        return true;
1911    }
1912
1913    /**
1914     * Check if a sorted array contains the specified key
1915     *
1916     * @param sortedArray the array to search
1917     * @param key the key to find
1918     * @return {@code true} if the array contains the key
1919     */
1920    private static boolean arrayContains(String[] sortedArray, String key) {
1921        return Arrays.binarySearch(sortedArray, key) >= 0;
1922    }
1923}